Failed IT change or update takes core systems down is the biggest risk: 43% of the expected loss. Expected loss is €1.2M a year in total. 11% of years pass your once-in-20-years limit (€3M); you accept 5%.

4 of 4 options pay for themselves on their own. Net value is the loss each avoids, minus its cost, plus any other value.

Today, losses over 3 years are over your tolerance from €319k up; with the plan they stay within it, for an expected cost of €876k.